P = ½ρAv³c_p ≤ 16/27E = mghλ = ωR / v_∞Q = A · vcos φ = 0.98V = I Rη = P_out / P_inP = η G AΔE = σ / ε₀τ = F · rΔp = ρ g hx(t) = A cos(ωt + φ)CF = 41.6%ṁ = ρ Qf = 60 HzS = √(P² + Q²)∮ B · dl = μ₀ Ik_t = 0.72G = 1000 W/m²P = ρ g Q H ηv³ ∝ PR = ρ L / Aθ_z = 23.4°

Aerion Power Co.Case file 04 / 2026

Air

Assembling dossier1.9 GW · Three sites

AERION*Enquire

Western Grid · Original

Aerion

No Fuel

House/Energy/Aerion Power Co.field honours 2026

Grid Without Fire.

Wind, water and light, engineered into a supply that holds through the night. Turbines, tidal races and tracking arrays, built to survive weather, salt and forty years of load.

TL;DR

Built →

Four sites, one dispatch layer. 1.9 GW nameplate across wind, tidal and tracking solar.

Scope →

Siting, civil works, turbine supply, storage, interconnect, twenty-year service.

Kit →

Direct-drive nacelles, immersed rotors, bifacial glass, iron-air banks, LiDAR masts.

Angle →

Machines built to survive the place they stand in, and still hold the load at 3 a.m.

Engineer

Layla Haddad, P.E.

Published

2026

Status

Dispatching

Classification

Wind · Tidal · Solar · Storage

Abstract

Aerion needed generation that could work as hard as the weather it stands in. Blades ice, screens foul, glass hazes — the machines had to survive all of that and still hand the dispatcher the same number every morning.

Built the portfolio as interlocking parts: ridge wind for the shoulder hours, the tide race for the base, tracking solar for the peak, iron-air banks to carry the gap. Each site is sized against the others, never against a brochure.

Surveyed on foot before anything was drawn. Half Moon Shoal, the tide race, the open meadow. No borrowed wind atlas, no stand-in soil report. The data came from inside the landscape the machines were built for.

Context on file

The portfolio was sized against published numbers, not a pitch deck. Three of them set the frame this case file was drawn inside.

IEA, Electricity 2026

Low-emissions supply reaches half the grid

Renewables led by solar, plus nuclear, are forecast to reach 50% of global electricity generation through 2030, up from 42% in 2025, while coal falls to 27% from 34%. Everything here is built for the half of the grid that has to hold when the fossil half is gone.

IEA, Renewables 2025

Variable share nearly doubles

Renewables are projected to move from 32% of global generation in 2024 to 43% by 2030, with the variable share almost doubling to 27% and curtailment already rising in China, Germany, Brazil, Chile, the UK and Ireland. Storage and dispatch were priced in from the first drawing for that reason.

IEA, Global Energy Review 2025

Where the generation actually sits

In 2024 renewables supplied about a third of world electricity: hydropower 14%, wind 8%, solar PV 7%. A portfolio that leans on one of the three is a portfolio with a season it cannot cover.

section 02: the machines

Machines Built to Hold.

Salt takes coatings. Grit takes bearings. The machines had to survive both and still read on the meter at three in the morning.

The portfolio holds ridge wind, tidal race, tracking solar and iron-air storage. Range comes before spectacle. Each asset earns its place against the hours the others cannot cover.

Offshore turbine tower — 01 — Direct-drive nacelle, 6.2 MW

Tidal race from above — 02 — Immersed tidal rotor, 9 m

Rows of solar panels — 03 — Bifacial glass, single-axis track

section 03: the field

Quiet. Weathered. Working.

Every site surveyed on location. Ridge line, tide race, open meadow. The machines needed ground that didn't fight them.

No borrowed atlas. No stand-in soil report. Same hands on the survey, same hands on the commissioning sheet.

Site A — Half Moon Shoal · 33°12′N

Heritage ground, modern load

Site B

Half Moon Race

Tidal race · 214 MW · base hours

section 04: system & materials

Built for the Material.

Coatings, alloys, glass and cable. Every colour, every face, every spec tested against the weather before it earned a place in the system.

AERION

Chromatic brand circle

Chalk

#EFEAD9

Reports, hangtags

Tan

#C4B594

Photography, tower paint

Olive

#5A5945

Mid-tones, housings

Dark Olive

#26281C

Structure, ground

Type pairing

Neiko carries the wordmark and every headline. Hugos works only in tracked caps, at label and signage size, so the two never compete. An old-style serif holds the editorial voice, and the mark constructs on a geometric grid. Every choice traces back to where the power lands.

Neiko Regular

Wordmark & headlines

Flat-sided display face, drawn more than typeset. Carries the wordmark and every headline. Holds at stamp size and at full bleed alike.

HUGOS · TRACKED CAPS

Signage & plates

Only ever set in wide caps: nacelle plates, gate signage, section markers. Never runs as a headline, so it never competes with Neiko.

Poppins Light

Body & long copy

Light geometric sans. Runs long without shouting. Abstracts, offtake terms, service manuals.

Georgia Italic

Editorial & legal

Old-style serif for the lead paragraph, pull quotes and certifications. The least precious face in the system.

Mono Data

Labels & coordinates

System monospace for capacities, coordinates and tags. Small, uppercase, tracked wide.

Site C — Meadow Array · geometric construction grid

section 05: closing

Built for Where the Power Lands.

Survey, civil, supply, commissioning, service. Same hands from the first met mast through the last dispatch report.

Services

Site & Wind SurveyCivil & FoundationsTurbine SupplyGrid Interconnect

Stack

LiDAR Met MastsTidal RotorsBifacial ArraysIron-Air Storage

Numbers

0.0 GW

Nameplate across four sites

Homes carried through winter

Links

Dispatch Log →Site Reports →Offtake Terms →

Aerion asked for generation that could survive where the power gets used. The system holds at every hour, and the survey came from the same ground the machines stand on.

References

Every figure in this file traces to a published source. Where our measured number differs from the literature, the measured number is the one printed.

01

NREL, Annual Technology Baseline — Land-Based Wind (2024)

Hub-height wind extrapolated from a 110 m reference at a 0.2 power-law shear exponent; AEP from a Weibull fit per wind class.

Air

02

NREL, Annual Technology Baseline — Distributed Wind (2024)

Specific power trending toward ~150 W/m²; rotor, specific power and hub height traded against capacity factor.

Air

03

Shields et al., Applied Energy 298 (2021)

Impacts of turbine and plant upsizing on offshore levelised cost of energy.

Air

04

SAE Renewables / Tethys, MeyGen Phase 1A

Four 1.5 MW turbines, 6 MW installed, gravity-base foundations in the Inner Sound; 10.2 GWh net in 2023; first tidal array past 50 GWh.

Water

05

Atlantis AR1500 specification (PNNL / Tethys)

Rated 1.5 MW at 3.0 m/s, 18 m rotor, upstream, fully submerged.

Water

06

Review of the UK and Channel Islands practical tidal stream resource (2021)

Practical resource ~34 TWh/yr, near 11% of UK demand; demonstrated inclusive capacity factors below 0.2.

Water

07

IEA-PVPS Task 13, Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules and Systems (2021)

Trackers over natural ground at albedo 0.2–0.3 generally see bifacial gains under 10%.

Sun

08

Bifacial Tracker Evaluation Center field trial

Albedo 19 / 32 / 63% returned 7.9 / 11.9 / 19.2% energy gain at 10 m axis spacing.

Sun

09

Optimization and Performance of Bifacial Solar Modules (2017)

Albedo 0.5 lifts gain toward 20%; a metre of elevation recovers self-shading toward 30%.

Sun

10

Form Energy, iron-air technology

~100-hour discharge at rated power against roughly four hours for lithium-ion; 10 MW / 1,000 MWh systems in build.

Sun

11

IEA, Electricity 2026

Low-emissions sources reach 50% of global generation through 2030, up from 42% in 2025; coal to 27% from 34%.

Dossier

12

IEA, Renewables 2025

Renewables 32% of generation in 2024 to 43% by 2030; variable share almost doubling to 27%; rising curtailment in six named markets.

Dossier

13

IEA, Global Energy Review 2025

2024 mix: hydropower 14%, wind 8%, solar PV 7% of world electricity.

Dossier

Section 02: Air

Ridge wind, coastal wind, and the towers that carry it. The assets in this section are onshore ridge lines and near-shore platforms. The work covers met-mast campaigns, hub-height selection, foundation design, and the commissioning record a grid operator signs off from.

Field Ridge Wind · Near-shore · Turbine Supply

Engineer Layla Haddad, P.E. Active since: 2011 Status: Dispatching

Classification Met Campaign · Foundations · Hub Height · Commissioning

Near-shore turbine platform — The Green LedgeA near-shore platform on monopile foundations, cabled to the switchyard eight kilometres inland.

Turbines on hills — Hub lift, tower three

Ridge under cloud — The line, 18 months of met data

862 MW

Installed across two wind sites, carrying the shoulder hours.

41.6%

Capacity factor, measured over the first four operating years.

Ridge line, hour 19Eleven machines on one contour. Spacing set by the wake study, not by the fence line.

Machine sheet

Rated capacity, per machine

6.2 MW

Direct drive, no gearbox in the nacelle

Hub height

142 m

Wind shear extrapolated from a 110 m reference

Rotor diameter

170 m

Specific power 273 W/m², tuned for a moderate class

Cut-in / rated wind

3.0 / 11.5 m/s

Weibull fit per class, eighteen months of mast data

Measured capacity factor

41.6%

Four operating years, losses included

Reading on file

NREL, 2024

Annual Technology Baseline — Land-Based Wind

Hub-height wind is extrapolated up or down from a 110 m reference using a power-law shear exponent of 0.2, and annual energy production comes from a Weibull distribution fitted per wind class. Our met campaign follows the same method so the numbers can be argued with.

NREL, 2024

Annual Technology Baseline — Distributed Wind

Turbine specific power is expected to keep falling toward roughly 150 W/m², trading rotor area against rating. Rotor diameter, specific power and hub height can each be traded to reach a given capacity factor.

Shields et al., Applied Energy, 2021

Impacts of Turbine and Plant Upsizing on LCOE

Upsizing machine and plant together moves cost of energy more than either alone, which is why the layout was priced at three hub heights before the foundations were drawn.

01

Met campaign

Two LiDAR masts, eighteen months, before any hub height was fixed.

02

Wake study

Row spacing modelled against the prevailing sector, not the property line.

03

Foundations

Gravity bases on rock, piled where the till runs deep.

04

Commissioning

Power curve verified machine by machine against the contract curve.

Wind power goes as the cube of speed. Ten per cent more wind is a third more power, which is why the mast comes before the drawing.

Field note · Half Moon Shoal

Section 03: Water

Tidal races, immersed rotors, and the base hours nothing else covers. The assets in this section run on water that moves whether the wind blows or not. The work covers bathymetric survey, screen and rotor design, marine civils, and forty years of maintenance planning.

Field Tidal Race · Marine Civils · Base Load

Engineer Marcus Oyelaran, P.E. Active since: 2014 Status: Dispatching

Classification Bathymetry · Rotor Design · Screens · Cable Route

Coastal race at dusk — Tide House HeadThe headland the cable climbs. Screens and control house sit just inland, out of the salt spray.

Coast from the air — Cable route, shore landing

214 MW

Base-load capacity, dispatched against a published tide table.

40 yr

Design life on the immersed structure, with rotors serviced afloat.

Inner sound, spring tideThe race runs four times a day whether anyone is watching. Survey work happens in the slack hour.

Machine sheet

Rated capacity, per rotor

1.5 MW

Rated at 3.0 m/s flow, three-bladed horizontal axis

Rotor diameter

18 m

Fully submerged, no surface structure to take weather

Foundation

Gravity base

Ballasted on the seabed, recoverable for service

Cut-in flow

1.0 m/s

Power ramps close to linearly to rated flow

Annual net output

10.2 GWh

Reference array, four machines, twelve months

Reading on file

SAE Renewables / Tethys

MeyGen Phase 1A, Pentland Firth

Four 1.5 MW turbines, 6 MW installed, on gravity-base foundations in the Inner Sound; 10.2 GWh net in 2023, and the first tidal stream array anywhere to pass 50 GWh. The machine sheet above follows this reference class.

Royal Society review, 2021

UK and Channel Islands practical tidal resource

The national practical resource is put at about 34 TWh a year, near 11% of UK electricity demand, while operating projects have so far shown inclusive capacity factors below 0.2. We size against the demonstrated figure, not the theoretical one.

Atlantis Resources / PNNL

AR1500 turbine specification

Rated 1.5 MW at 3.0 m/s with an 18 m rotor, upstream and fully submerged. Every rotor in our race is specified to be recoverable afloat, because the ones that cannot be serviced stop earning.

01

Bathymetry

Multibeam survey of the channel floor before any rotor position was picked.

02

Flow model

Twelve months of ADCP data, calibrated against the published tide table.

03

Marine civils

Ballasted bases placed in the slack hour, cable trenched to the shore landing.

04

Service plan

Rotors lifted afloat on a forty-year cycle, screens cleared each spring.

The tide is the only fuel with a published timetable. It is not always there, but it is never a surprise.

Field note · Half Moon Race

Section 04: Sun

Tracking arrays, bifacial glass, and the peak they were built for. The assets in this section are single-axis tracking fields on grazing ground and old meadow. The work covers yield modelling, row pitch, glass selection, and the storage that carries the array past sundown.

Field Tracking Solar · Storage · Peak Load

Engineer Ines Romero, P.E. Active since: 2017 Status: Dispatching

Classification Yield Model · Row Pitch · Bifacial Glass · Iron-Air

Rows of tracking panels — Meadow ArraySingle-axis tracking on 4.2 m row pitch, grazed underneath, 824 MW at the inverter fence.

Panels in grass — Long FieldBifacial glass over pale ground, chosen for the reflected gain and the hail rating.

Sunset over the field — Last hour of tracking

4.2 m

Row pitch, set for the sheep as much as for the shading.

824 MW

Tracking capacity across two fields, sized for the afternoon peak.

4 h

Iron-air storage behind the array, carrying the array past sundown.

Meadow array, last hourRows follow the sun to within a degree, then stow flat when the wind sensor calls it.

Array sheet

Installed capacity

824 MW

Two fields, single-axis tracking, one interconnect

Row pitch

4.2 m

Set for the flock underneath as much as for shading

Module type

Bifacial glass-glass

Bifaciality factor 0.70 guaranteed minimum

Measured ground albedo

0.24

Pyranometer pair on site, grazed pasture

Bifacial gain, measured

6.8%

Against a monofacial reference string, first full year

Reading on file

IEA-PVPS Task 13, 2021

Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules and Systems

Bifacial modules on single-axis trackers over natural ground cover, albedo 0.2 to 0.3, generally see gains under 10%. Our 6.8% measured gain sits where the literature says it should, and the model was built to that ceiling.

BITEC, field data

Bifacial Tracker Evaluation Center field trial

Measured against a monofacial reference at 10 m axis spacing, albedos of 19%, 32% and 63% returned energy gains of 7.9%, 11.9% and 19.2%. Ground treatment, not glass, is the lever.

Global study, 2017

Optimization and Performance of Bifacial Solar Modules

Raising ground albedo to 0.5 lifts gain toward 20% globally, and elevating modules a metre off the ground recovers self-shading losses toward 30%. Both were priced here; the flock won.

Form Energy, iron-air

Multi-day storage, 100-hour class

The iron-air chemistry is built for about 100 hours of discharge at rated power — against roughly four for lithium-ion — at a fraction of its cost per kWh, with 10 MW / 1,000 MWh systems in build. Ours is sized at four hours because that is what this grid pays for today.

01

Yield model

Eight configurations run against measured albedo, not a default value.

02

Row pitch

Pitch set at 4.2 m to keep the sheep, the mower and the shading honest.

03

Glass selection

Hail rating and bifaciality floor written into the supply contract.

04

Storage

Four hours of iron-air behind the fence, charged off the midday clip. The chemistry runs to a hundred.

The array is sized for the afternoon, and the battery is sized for the argument that follows it.

Field note · Meadow Array